Floating plate types of foundation have the appearance of a continuous or lattice slab, which are made under the base of the entire building. As a result of hardening, the plate is made with stiffeners from a single reinforced concrete. A similar type of foundation is desirable on heaving types of soils under compact buildings.
The foundations of the type of materials are divided: concrete, bottled, brick, sandy, from prefabricated reinforced concrete. On soils that are not subjected to swelling, elementary foundations of large granular sand are built. In pits or trenches (respectively, for columnar or strip foundations), sand is folded in layers. Each laid layer should be a thickness of 10 to 15 centimeters, then it is watered with water and tamped well. A battle of brick, gravel or crushed stone on a solution of sand with cement is laid in the surface layer. A similar foundation is relatively cheap.
Preparation of the bottom of the pit
When erecting any type of foundation, the bottom of the pit must be aligned on the horizon. In the case when there is no level at hand, it can replace it with an ordinary water level. A pillow of sand from 100 to 150 centimeters is poured on the bottom of the pit of the pit, which is watered abundantly with water and then tightly trimmed. To prevent the flooding of the trench, its equipment is carried out with water casting channels. When erecting foundations made of reinforced concrete or concrete (for example, a strip type), the frontier border is determined by the method of installing formwork. Cardboard formwork is used for columns.
To perform formwork from boards having a thickness of 20 to 25 millimeters, special shields are made, the width of which is fifty – one hundred millimeters more than the highest foundation. The shields are fixed in the trench to the stands located in an upright position. To prevent fracture of the shields outward when pouring concrete, the outer walls of the formwork are fixed with soil or special spacers into the walls of the pit. Metal elements are installed on wood stands or fixed to the formwork with ordinary wire. To reduce the consumption of concrete solution, the walls of the formwork are tightly sealed with paper, a crowd or cardboard.
Under good conditions of weather and normal soils during the construction of a dwelling, you can not establish the formwork for buildings with basement and semi -basement rooms. The walls of the pit will play the role of formwork. After the concrete hardening, the earth from the basement is removed manually or using the equipment for land work. After choosing a suitable land plot, the internal wall of the foundation should be meticulously hubby and washed.